References

The public standards, reports and primary documents this topic draws on. Every factual claim in the preceding chapters traces to one of these; the worked example's numeric values are illustrative and belong to no source.

Standards and handbooks

1. MIL-STD-1629A, Procedures for Performing a Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis, US Department of Defense, 24 November 1980 (Task 101 FMEA, Task 102 criticality analysis with Cm = β·α·λp·t and the criticality matrix, Task 103 FMECA-maintainability information, Task 104 damage mode and effects analysis; the four severity classes, the qualitative probability-of-occurrence levels, the indenture-level coding and the worksheet columns).
2. IEC 60812:2018, Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA and FMECA), Edition 3.0, International Electrotechnical Commission (the international definition, the functional and piece-part approaches, and criticality as one of several prioritisation schemes).
3. MIL-HDBK-338B, Electronic Reliability Design Handbook, US Department of Defense, 1 October 1998 (FMECA within the reliability programme, and its relationship to prediction and to fault tree analysis).
4. SAE J1739, Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis in Design (Design FMEA), Potential Failure Mode and Effects Analysis in Manufacturing and Assembly Processes (Process FMEA) (the automotive line, severity, occurrence and detection ranking scales).
5. AIAG-VDA, FMEA Handbook, first edition, June 2019 (the seven-step approach, and the replacement of the risk priority number by an action-priority table ordered by severity).
6. SAE ARP5580, Recommended Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) Practices for Non-Automobile Applications (the aerospace and general-industry practice between the military and automotive lines).
7. IEC 61508-2:2010, Functional safety of electrical/electronic/programmable electronic safety-related systems, Part 2 (the failure modes, effects and diagnostic analysis descendant, where the mode split feeds safe and dangerous rates and diagnostic coverage).

Primary reports and documents

8. NUREG-0492, Fault Tree Handbook, US Nuclear Regulatory Commission, January 1981 (the deductive counterpart, and where mode rates become basic events).

Data sources

9. Reliability Analysis Center, Failure Mode/Mechanism Distributions (FMD), the published mode-ratio distributions from which a generic α is taken when the fleet has no returns of its own.

For the failure rates a criticality analysis multiplies, see the Reliability Prediction references; for the structural models that consume its mode rates, the Reliability Block Diagram references.