References

The public standards, handbooks and primary documents this topic draws on. Every factual claim on the preceding chapters traces to one of these; the worked example's numeric values are illustrative and belong to no source.

Standards and handbooks

1. MIL-HDBK-217F, Reliability Prediction of Electronic Equipment, US Department of Defense, 2 December 1991; Notice 1, 10 July 1992; Notice 2, 28 February 1995.
2. MIL-STD-1629A, Procedures for Performing a Failure Mode, Effects and Criticality Analysis, US Department of Defense, 1980 (the criticality arithmetic the prediction feeds).
3. MIL-STD-756, Reliability Modeling and Prediction, US Department of Defense (the modelling standard MIL-HDBK-217F hands redundancy and mission-profile structures to).
4. NSWC-11, Handbook of Reliability Prediction Procedures for Mechanical Equipment, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, May 2011.
5. Telcordia SR-332, Reliability Prediction Procedure for Electronic Equipment, Issue 4, Telcordia Technologies, March 2016 (lineage: Bellcore TR-332).
6. IEC 61709:2017, Electric components · Reliability · Reference conditions for failure rates and stress models for conversion, Edition 3.0, International Electrotechnical Commission, 2017.
7. FIDES Guide 2022 Edition A, Reliability Methodology for Electronic Systems, FIDES Group, under the Institut pour la Maîtrise des Risques (IMdR), 2022.
8. HDBK-217Plus:2015 with Notice 1, Handbook of 217Plus Reliability Prediction Models, Quanterion Solutions.
9. SN 29500 series, Failure Rates of Components · Expected Values, Siemens (multi-part company standard; pairs with the IEC 61709 conversion models).
10. HRD5, Handbook of Reliability Data for Electronic Components Used in Telecommunication Systems, British Telecommunications plc.
11. GJB/z 299B and 299C, Reliability Prediction Model for Electronic Equipment (Chinese military standard).
12. ANSI/VITA 51.1-2008 (R2013), Reliability Prediction MIL-HDBK-217 Subsidiary Specification, VITA Standards Organization.
13. IEEE Std 1413, IEEE Standard Framework for Reliability Prediction of Hardware, IEEE (original edition 1998; current edition 2026).

Data sources

14. NPRD-2023, Nonelectronic Parts Reliability Data; EPRD-2024, Electronic Parts Reliability Data; FMD-2016, Failure Mode/Mechanism Distributions; Quanterion Solutions (field-data compendia).
15. Rome Laboratory, Reliability Engineer's Toolkit, April 1993 (the dormancy conversion-factor topic referenced under non-operating rates).

Reviews and literature

16. National Research Council, "Appendix D: Critique of MIL-HDBK-217", in Reliability Growth: Enhancing Defense System Reliability, National Academies Press, 2015 (the measured-versus-predicted case-study spread cited under Reading the Results).
17. NIST/SEMATECH, e-Handbook of Statistical Methods, National Institute of Standards and Technology (the exponential-distribution mathematics).

For the allocation-side sources of the allocated-versus-predicted comparison, see the Reliability Allocation references.