References

The public standards, reports and primary documents this topic draws on. Every factual claim in the preceding chapters traces to one of these; the numeric examples (the drive-cabinet rollup, the lognormal percentile arithmetic) are illustrative and belong to no source.

Standards and handbooks

1. IEC 60050-192:2015, International Electrotechnical Vocabulary, Part 192: Dependability, International Electrotechnical Commission, February 2015, with Amendment 1, 2016 (the qualitative definition of maintainability at IEV 192-01-27; the quantified measures in section 192-07).
2. MIL-STD-721C, Definitions of Terms for Reliability and Maintainability, US Department of Defense, 12 June 1981, since cancelled (the classic maintainability and MTTR definitions; the corrective-maintenance step definitions).
3. MIL-HDBK-470A, Designing and Developing Maintainable Products and Systems, Volume I, US Department of Defense, 4 August 1997 (the consolidated design-for-maintainability handbook, superseding MIL-HDBK-470 and MIL-HDBK-471, the 1995 reissues of the former MIL-STD-470B and MIL-STD-471A; the inherent and operational availability forms and the lognormal percentile machinery).
4. MIL-HDBK-472, Maintainability Prediction, US Department of Defense, 24 May 1966, with Notice 1, 1984 (the maintainability prediction procedures).
5. MIL-STD-471A, Maintainability Verification/Demonstration/Evaluation, US Department of Defense, 27 March 1973, since cancelled (the demonstration sampling plans and test methods).
6. MIL-HDBK-338B, Electronic Reliability Design Handbook, US Department of Defense, 1 October 1998 (Section 5: the maintainability function, the exponential repair model, the lognormal as the default repair-time distribution, the M_max percentile factors, the failure-rate-weighted system MTTR, and the availability forms with the downtime decomposition).
7. MIL-HDBK-2165, Testability Handbook for Systems and Equipments, US Department of Defense, 31 July 1995 (superseding MIL-STD-2165A; the testability programme and built-in-test design guidance).
8. IEC 60706-2:2006, Maintainability of equipment, Part 2: Maintainability requirements and studies during the design and development phase, International Electrotechnical Commission, 2006.
9. IEC 60706-5:2007, Maintainability of equipment, Part 5: Testability and diagnostic testing, Edition 2.0, International Electrotechnical Commission, 2007.
10. IEC 60300-3-10:2001, Dependability management, Part 3-10: Application guide, Maintainability, International Electrotechnical Commission, 2001.
11. SAE JA1011, Evaluation Criteria for Reliability-Centered Maintenance (RCM) Processes, SAE International; first issued August 1999, current revision November 2024.
12. MSG-3: Operator/Manufacturer Scheduled Maintenance Development, Volume 1, Fixed Wing Aircraft, Airlines for America; first issued 1980, Revision 2022.1 (the airline scheduled-maintenance development logic).

Primary reports and documents

13. F. Stanley Nowlan and Howard F. Heap, Reliability-Centered Maintenance, United Airlines, report AD-A066579, prepared for the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (Manpower, Reserve Affairs and Logistics), 29 December 1978 (the founding RCM study and its four scheduled-task types).
14. Department of Defense Reliability, Availability, Maintainability, and Cost Rationale Report Manual, Office of the Secretary of Defense, 1 June 2009 (operational availability and the logistics/administrative delay-time decomposition).

Literature

15. B. S. Blanchard, D. Verma and E. L. Peterson, Maintainability: A Key to Effective Serviceability and Maintenance Management, John Wiley and Sons, 1995 (the standard maintainability engineering textbook).

For the reliability side of the availability balance, see the Reliability references; for the method-level sources of the failure-rate weights, see the Reliability Prediction references.